This second one is confusing. Some good views of how continental drift might have looked, but then the predictions of the future seem to abandon continental drift altogether, as though that fundamental process stops altogether, and switches entirely to speculation of how today’s static continents would look if sea levels continue to rise to new, extreme levels. On that basis, the title ‘Earth 100 Million years From Now’ is disappointing – where’s the continental drift gone? Sea level fluctuations would most likely be cycling rapidly (in such a geological timescale) both up and back down. Misleading, therefore, but interesting for the early section …

Image: Some rights reserved by Odalaigh

Theory 1:
Explore the first button on this flash animation:
Mr D Geography on Settlement Function

Theory 2:

BBC Bitesize on Settlement Fucntion

Image: Some rights reserved by Aaron Villescas™

Using thorough research (referring to web sites, text book(s), and your own notes (including any notes on relevant videos you have watched)), answer the following questions:

1) What changes are taking place at the Rural Urban Fringe as a result of urbanisation?

Make sure you refer to:

• urban sprawl
• counterurbanisation
• recent developments

It is worth structuring examples of recent development at the RUF as part of your answer. For example:

• Residential function: commuter villages / "suburbanised villages"
• Industrial function: New high-tech industry – especially Science Parks [example: Cambridge Science Park, UK]
• Retail function: Recent Out Of Town Shopping Centres [example: Merry Hill, UK]

2) What are some of the main advantages of these changes (developments)?
3) What are some of the main disadvantages of these changes (developments)?
4) What are some of the solutions to the problems caused by overdevelopment of the Rural Urban Fringe?

Image: Stephanie Fox, io9.com original link

Image: Some rights reserved by Lincolnian (Brian)

Very simple introduction to the concept of settlement hierarchy:
http://www.slideshare.net/RichardH/1-what-is-a-settlement-hiearchy

Activity:
http://www.effectiveict.co.uk/flash/training/flash19/Settlement%20hierarchy.swf
http://www.geointeractive.co.uk/subsample/setthierarchy.htm

Very useful for recapping site, situation, pattern, function and hierarchy:
Settlement Characteristics Worksheet (from http://www.geographyalltheway.com)

Recap:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/settlement/set_charrev4.shtml
http://www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/topics/characteristicsofsettlements.html#function
http://www.s-cool.co.uk/gcse/geography/settlements/urban-hierarchies.html

[Source: flickr kevin.j Some rights reserved]

The IGCSE Geography syllabus requires that you can do the following related things:

 A) Land Use Zones

1) Describe and give reasons for the characteristics of land use zones of urban areas in LEDCs.

2) Identify the differences in the patterns of urban structures in cities of LEDCs and MEDCs.

B) Squatter Settlements

3) Describe the problems of squatter settlements in LEDCs, their causes and possible solutions.

4) You should make reference to selected examples to illustrate suggested solutions to overcome the problems of squatter settlements (in other words know case studies).

Suggested activity: create a Google Document (or Google presentation if you prefer) to cover the above points under suitable headings.

Resources:

a) Land Use Zones

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/settlement/urbanmod_ledcrev1.shtml

 http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/settlement/urbanmod_ledcrev2.shtml

 http://www.s-cool.co.uk/gcse/geography/settlements/urban-morphology.html#urban-models-for-ledcs

Your text book

b) Squatter Settlements (Brazilian focus)

http://www.sln.org.uk/geography/geoweb/blowmedown/shanty05.swf

http://www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/gcse/settlement.html#ledcs

http://www.s-cool.co.uk/gcse/geography/settlements/urbanisation.html#shanty-towns-in-ledcs

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/settlement/urbanmod_ledcrev3.shtml

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/settlement/urbanmod_ledcrev4.shtml

http://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/chad/thefavel.htm

Opengecko Google Revision Document – Rio de Janeiro

Your text book

Slides 5 to 15 of the following:

Use these resources to build up case-study material for the decline and regeneration of the London Docklands in East London, UK.

General Information on the Inner City:

geobytesgcse.blogspot.com on the inner city

rchambers/GeoBytes on the Inner City

Information on London Docklands:

rchambers/GeoBytes on the London Docklands

geobytesgcse.blogspot.com on the London Docklands

lddc-history.org.uk on the London Docklands

lddc-history.org.uk on the Isle of Dogs

Some of the slides on this presentation are very useful:

Regeneration Presentation from museumoflondon.org.uk

Think you have a good understanding of what happened? Try this interactive quiz:

Interactive Quiz from museumoflondon.org.uk

Image source: opengecko.com

The site and situation of a settlement are really important to understanding (a) why the settlement was located in a particular place in the first place and (b) whether or not the settlement was likely to grow over time.

You need to understand:

• the difference between the terms "site" and "situation"
• different factors affecting the site and situation of a place (usually, we think about the needs of the original settlers. In many parts of the world, we have to rewind many hundreds of years, and think about what people would have been looking out for when they decided to build a small settlement somewhere).
• how to recognise these factors through a map such as an ordnance survey map commonly used in the United Kingdom

First check your understanding by visiting these very useful web pages:

Settlement – Site and Situation at GeoBytesGCSE

GCSE Bitesize – Settlement Site and Situation

Geography GCSE: Settlements Site and situation – S-Cool

For some real examples, you could explore the middle ‘Site and Situation button’ here:

http://www.mrdgeography.com/Urban%20Geo/Urban_Geo.swf

For a quick activity to check your understanding you could try evaluating the following sites on this imaginary map in terms of which might be better than others for locating a settlement. Make sure you can give reasons why.

Now you could select a map (such as an OS map). A good example can be found in this area below, comparing six villages (near to the green dots). Click on the image below to take you to an interactive OS map on a separate page. Note that you can zoom in and out:

To help you evaluate different settlements’ site and situation factors, you can use the following framework. Note that this includes reference to ‘morphology’ which you may or may not have covered yet. If you have not covered settlement morphology (shape) yet, you can leave this out.

A direct link to this document for print (and save as pdf) is here:

Table to evaluate 6 settlements’ Site and Situation

When completing this table you should include as much information as possible. If the settlement does well under any heading, say why and give map evidence (including grid references). If you think the settlement would not score so highly on any row, again say why, and give good reasons. Finally, you may like to view the same area using a Google map with satellite view. Again, you can zoom in and out:

View Weston-Super-Mare Environs Site Situation Settlement in a larger map

Photo from flickr.com by Androfire (Some rights reserved)

From the IGCSE syllabus:

Describe the conditions required for the development of
coral reefs.

Describe
•  fringing and barrier reefs
• atolls

Describe the location of coral reefs, and the necessary conditions for their development:

http://library.thinkquest.org/C0125204/about/coraldist.swf

http://www.mbgnet.net/salt/coral/where.htm

http://www.seaworld.org/infobooks/coral/habdiscr.html

http://www.starfish.ch/reef/reef.html

http://www.marinebio.net/marinescience/04benthon/crform.htm

Understand and make brief notes on how coral reefs operate as an ecosystem:

Make notes on the different types of reef and how they are formed. Sketch diagrams to add to your explanations. Make sure you focus on fringing reefs, barrier reefs and atolls. For each, you should be able to give a named example. :

http://www.jochemnet.de/fiu/OCB3043_39.html

http://www.starfish.ch/reef/reef.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll

Fringing reef:

Source: http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/fs025-02/

Atolls:

Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ulithi-atoll.gif

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coral_atoll_formation_animation.gif

Source: http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/fs025-02/

Describe and explain the human threats posed to coral reefs, and try to give named examples:

http://www.mbgnet.net/salt/coral/threats.htm

http://www.marinebio.net/marinescience/04benthon/crform.htm

Research some of the possible solutions to these threats.

http://www.nature.org/joinanddonate/rescuereef/explore/help.html

Photo from flickr.com by mikebaird [Some rights reserved]

The IGCSE Syllabus requires us to understand this:

Describe and explain the landforms associated with these processes. You should study the following coastal landforms:

□ coastal sand dunes

The action of wind in shaping coastal sand dunes should also be understood.

Here are four good websites to help you achieve this understanding:

Coastal Sand Dunes on Offwell Woodland and Wildlife Trust

BBC Scotland Higher Bitesize on Sand Dunes

The Geography Site on Sand Dunes

Geo Resources on Coastal Sand Dunes